Fish farming in Nigeria has long been an important component of food security and economic sustenance, particularly in rural communities. The industry supports countless livelihoods, from fishermen and processors to traders and retailers.
However, the sector remains divided between traditional fishing practices and modern aquaculture techniques. A recent study conducted in Borno State sheds light on the realities of both approaches, examining their socioeconomic implications and the challenges each faces in ensuring sustainable fish production.
The Contrast Between Traditional and Modern Fish Farming
Traditional fish farming in Nigeria has been passed down for generations, largely relying on natural water bodies like lakes, rivers, and ponds. In the Baga Fishing Community of Lake Chad Basin, where the study was conducted, traditional fishers engage in full-time and part-time fishing, combining it with other agricultural activities.
Their deep-rooted practices involve the use of handmade nets, traps, and rudimentary boats. However, despite their experience and dedication, they face several challenges, including low infrastructural support, lack of access to extension services, and minimal formal education.
On the other hand, modern fish farming in Nigeria, particularly aquaculture, is gaining traction. Unlike their traditional counterparts, modern fish farmers often engage in aquaculture on a part-time basis while pursuing other professions.
They operate controlled fish ponds, utilize scientific feeding methods, and have access to more structured markets. While modern fish farmers benefit from better infrastructure and formal education, they struggle with issues such as high operational costs, limited technical know-how, and inconsistent government support.
Socioeconomic Realities of Fish Farmers in Nigeria
The study found that traditional fish farmers tend to have larger families and minimal formal education. Ninety-nine percent of those surveyed had never received any structured education, which limits their ability to adapt to new technologies. Despite these setbacks, traditional fishers are resilient, earning a monthly income of over ₦40,000, often sustaining entire communities through their trade.
Modern fish farmers, by contrast, are more educated, with many holding tertiary degrees. However, they are fewer in number, largely due to the capital-intensive nature of aquaculture.
Unlike traditional fishers who depend on natural water sources, modern fish farmers must invest in infrastructure such as concrete ponds, filtration systems, and artificial feeds, all of which significantly increase costs.
Challenges Facing Both Sectors
Both traditional and modern fish farmers are facing existential threats. The decline of Lake Chad due to climate change, overfishing, and pollution has severely impacted traditional fishing communities. Additionally, insecurity from insurgency in northern Nigeria has displaced many fishers, making it difficult for them to maintain their livelihoods.
Modern aquaculture, while promising, is not without its issues. Farmers struggle with inadequate access to funding, high costs of fish feed, and limited extension services. Moreover, without proper intervention, the rapid shift toward aquaculture may inadvertently sideline traditional fishers who lack the resources to transition.
The Future of Fish Farming in Nigeria
For Nigeria to fully harness the potential of its fish industry, a balanced approach that integrates both traditional and modern methods is essential. Policymakers must focus on providing infrastructure, training, and financial assistance to both sectors.
Efforts should also be made to introduce sustainable fishing techniques to traditional fishers while making aquaculture more accessible and affordable.
The study recommends the implementation of policies that bridge the gap between these two farming systems, ensuring that both traditional and modern fish farmers contribute effectively to food security, economic stability, and environmental conservation.
Bottom Line
Fish farming in Nigeria stands at a crossroads, with both traditional and modern practices offering unique advantages and challenges. By fostering collaboration and innovation, Nigeria can ensure that its fish industry remains resilient, sustainable, and beneficial to all stakeholders.
- Article Source: International Journal of Oceanography & Aquaculture (IJOAC)
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